See xeer on Wiktionary
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "xeer (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
58,
62
]
],
"ref": "1977, David D Laitin, Politics, language, and thought: the Somali experience:",
"text": "It arranges for settlement of collective debts, discusses xeer dealings with central authorities, maintains the group wells, and protects grazing areas.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
49,
53
]
],
"ref": "2005, Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus, Shattering tradition: custom, law and the individual in the Muslim Mediterranean:",
"text": "In rural areas, there is still confusion between xeer and shari'a.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
23,
27
]
],
"ref": "2007, Lars Buur, Helene Maria Kyed, State recognition and democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa:",
"text": "The key feature of the xeer is its common law character...",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The traditional legal system of Somalia, believed to predate Islam, in which elders serve as mediators and people are responsible for the actions of their families."
],
"id": "en-xeer-en-noun-mot8zRdU",
"links": [
[
"traditional",
"traditional"
],
[
"legal",
"legal"
],
[
"Somalia",
"Somalia"
],
[
"predate",
"predate"
],
[
"Islam",
"Islam"
],
[
"elder",
"elder"
],
[
"mediator",
"mediator"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "xeer"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ymm",
"2": "heer"
},
"expansion": "Maay heer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dbr",
"2": "heer",
"t": "custom"
},
"expansion": "Dabarre heer (“custom”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "om",
"2": "heera",
"t": "constitution, laws, principles"
},
"expansion": "Oromo heera (“constitution, laws, principles”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognate with Maay heer, Dabarre heer (“custom”) and Oromo heera (“constitution, laws, principles”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "xèer",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "xeerar",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "so",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "xeerar",
"5": "or",
"6": "",
"f1accel-form": "p",
"f1g": "m",
"f2accel-form": "p",
"g": "m",
"head": "xèer",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "xèer m (plural xeerar m)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "m",
"gpl": "m",
"head": "xèer",
"pl": "xeerar"
},
"expansion": "xèer m (plural xeerar m)",
"name": "so-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"xeer"
]
}
],
"lang": "Somali",
"lang_code": "so",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Somali entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tribal law"
],
"id": "en-xeer-so-noun-yHaALItT",
"links": [
[
"tribal",
"tribal"
],
[
"law",
"law"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈħɛ̂ːr/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈʜɛ́ɛ̀rr̥]"
}
],
"word": "xeer"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ff",
"2": "hayre",
"3": "",
"4": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Fula hayre (“stone”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly cognate with Fula hayre (“stone”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "form xeer wi",
"tags": [
"definite"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wo",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite form",
"4": "xeer wi",
"f1request": "1",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "xeer (definite form xeer wi)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wi"
},
"expansion": "xeer (definite form xeer wi)",
"name": "wo-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Wolof",
"lang_code": "wo",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Wolof entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stone, rock"
],
"id": "en-xeer-wo-noun-McMaRgtK",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"rock",
"rock"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "Wo-xeer.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Wo-xeer.ogg/Wo-xeer.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Wo-xeer.ogg"
}
],
"word": "xeer"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "xeer (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
58,
62
]
],
"ref": "1977, David D Laitin, Politics, language, and thought: the Somali experience:",
"text": "It arranges for settlement of collective debts, discusses xeer dealings with central authorities, maintains the group wells, and protects grazing areas.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
49,
53
]
],
"ref": "2005, Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus, Shattering tradition: custom, law and the individual in the Muslim Mediterranean:",
"text": "In rural areas, there is still confusion between xeer and shari'a.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
23,
27
]
],
"ref": "2007, Lars Buur, Helene Maria Kyed, State recognition and democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa:",
"text": "The key feature of the xeer is its common law character...",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The traditional legal system of Somalia, believed to predate Islam, in which elders serve as mediators and people are responsible for the actions of their families."
],
"links": [
[
"traditional",
"traditional"
],
[
"legal",
"legal"
],
[
"Somalia",
"Somalia"
],
[
"predate",
"predate"
],
[
"Islam",
"Islam"
],
[
"elder",
"elder"
],
[
"mediator",
"mediator"
]
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "xeer"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ymm",
"2": "heer"
},
"expansion": "Maay heer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dbr",
"2": "heer",
"t": "custom"
},
"expansion": "Dabarre heer (“custom”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "om",
"2": "heera",
"t": "constitution, laws, principles"
},
"expansion": "Oromo heera (“constitution, laws, principles”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognate with Maay heer, Dabarre heer (“custom”) and Oromo heera (“constitution, laws, principles”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "xèer",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "xeerar",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "so",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "xeerar",
"5": "or",
"6": "",
"f1accel-form": "p",
"f1g": "m",
"f2accel-form": "p",
"g": "m",
"head": "xèer",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "xèer m (plural xeerar m)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "m",
"gpl": "m",
"head": "xèer",
"pl": "xeerar"
},
"expansion": "xèer m (plural xeerar m)",
"name": "so-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"xeer"
]
}
],
"lang": "Somali",
"lang_code": "so",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Somali entries with incorrect language header",
"Somali lemmas",
"Somali masculine nouns",
"Somali nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"tribal law"
],
"links": [
[
"tribal",
"tribal"
],
[
"law",
"law"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈħɛ̂ːr/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈʜɛ́ɛ̀rr̥]"
}
],
"word": "xeer"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ff",
"2": "hayre",
"3": "",
"4": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Fula hayre (“stone”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly cognate with Fula hayre (“stone”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "form xeer wi",
"tags": [
"definite"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wo",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite form",
"4": "xeer wi",
"f1request": "1",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "xeer (definite form xeer wi)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wi"
},
"expansion": "xeer (definite form xeer wi)",
"name": "wo-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Wolof",
"lang_code": "wo",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Wolof entries with incorrect language header",
"Wolof lemmas",
"Wolof nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"stone, rock"
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"rock",
"rock"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "Wo-xeer.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Wo-xeer.ogg/Wo-xeer.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Wo-xeer.ogg"
}
],
"word": "xeer"
}
Download raw JSONL data for xeer meaning in All languages combined (4.0kB)
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"xeer",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "Somali",
"subsection": "",
"title": "xeer",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 203919507<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 26 Aug 2026 12:15:08 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
{
"called_from": "query_wikidata_json",
"msg": "WIKIDATA QUERY failed",
"path": [
"xeer",
"Template:cog",
"#invoke",
"#invoke",
"Lua:Module:etymology/templates:cognate()"
],
"section": "Somali",
"subsection": "",
"title": "xeer",
"trace": "<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n<title>Wikimedia Error</title>\n<style>\n* { margin: 0; padding: 0; }\nbody { background: #fff; font: 15px/1.6 sans-serif; color: #333; }\n.content { margin: 7% auto 0; padding: 2em 1em 1em; max-width: 640px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.footer { clear: both; margin-top: 14%; border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 2em 0; font-size: 0.8em; text-align: center; }\nimg { margin: 0 2em 2em 0; }\na img { border: 0; }\nh1 { margin-top: 1em; font-size: 1.2em; }\n.content-text { flex: 1; }\np { margin: 0.7em 0 1em 0; }\na { color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; }\na:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\ncode { font-family: sans-serif; }\nsummary { font-weight: bold; cursor: pointer; }\ndetails[open] { background: #970302; color: #dfdedd; }\n.text-muted { color: #777; }\n@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n a { color: #9e9eff; }\n body { background: transparent; color: #ddd; }\n .footer { border-top: 1px solid #444; background: #060606; }\n #logo { filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg); }\n .text-muted { color: #888; }\n}\n</style>\n<meta name=\"color-scheme\" content=\"light dark\">\n<div class=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org\"><img id=\"logo\" src=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo.png\" srcset=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/static/images/wmf-logo-2x.png 2x\" alt=\"Wikimedia\" width=\"135\" height=\"101\">\n</a>\n<div class=\"content-text\">\n<h1>Error</h1>\n\n<p>Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81)</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"footer\"><p>If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below.</p><p class=\"text-muted\"><code>Request served via cp3073 cp3073, Varnish XID 211452693<br>Upstream caches: cp3073 int<br>Error: 429, Your bot is making too many requests. Please reduce your request rate or contact bot-traffic@wikimedia.org (f263c81) at Wed, 26 Aug 2026 12:16:04 GMT<br><details><summary>Sensitive client information</summary>IP address: 91.207.79.37</details></code></p>\n</div>\n</html>\n"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.